Close up of runner's feet with one shoe on and one shoe off
Dr. Kevin Tootle, DPM Jan 3, 2025

What Are Bunions and Hammertoes?

Bunions are bony bumps that form at the base of your big toe, causing the joint to stick out. This misalignment forces the big toe to angle toward the second toe, which can lead to discomfort and pain, especially when wearing shoes. Over time, bunions can grow larger and become more painful, affecting the way you walk and increasing the risk of arthritis in the joint. According to the American Podiatric Medical Association, bunions are one of the most common foot deformities in adults.

Hammertoes are another common foot issue where one or more toes become bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer shape. This condition often affects the second, third, or fourth toes and can lead to corns, calluses, and difficulty fitting into shoes. The deformity is caused by an imbalance in the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that hold the toes straight, leading to a permanent bend.

What Causes Bunions and Hammertoes?

The development of both bunions and hammertoes is usually linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors:

  • Genetics: If your family has a history of bunions or hammertoes, you may be more likely to develop them. Foot structure, such as flat feet or an inherited abnormality in toe positioning, plays a significant role. Research from NIH highlights how genetic predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing bunions and other foot deformities.
  • Footwear: Tight, narrow shoes that squeeze the toes, high heels, or shoes with inadequate arch support can exacerbate the development of both bunions and hammertoes. Over time, poor footwear choices can put undue pressure on the toes, leading to deformities.
  • Injury or Trauma: A previous injury to the foot, such as a broken toe or sprain, can lead to misalignments that result in bunions or hammertoes.
  • Arthritis: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can also contribute to the development of bunions and hammertoes due to inflammation and joint deformities.

Treatment Options for Bunions and Hammertoes

At Innovative Foot & Ankle, we take a comprehensive approach to treating bunions and hammertoes. Our goal is to help relieve pain, restore proper toe alignment, and prevent further complications. Treatment depends on the severity of your condition, and we will work with you to determine the best plan for your needs.

Non-Surgical Treatments

In the early stages of bunions or hammertoes, conservative treatments can be highly effective in managing pain and improving function. Some of the non-surgical options we offer include:

  • Custom Orthotics: Specially designed shoe inserts can help correct foot mechanics, relieve pressure on the affected joints, and prevent the condition from worsening.
  • Toe Spacers and Splints: These devices can help realign the toes and alleviate discomfort by reducing friction and pressure.
  • Physical Therapy: Stretching and strengthening exercises can improve toe alignment and alleviate muscle imbalances that contribute to the development of hammertoes.
  • Padding and Taping: For immediate relief, cushioning pads can reduce friction, while taping the toes can provide temporary alignment and relieve strain on the joints.
  • Medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications can help manage pain and swelling in the affected areas.

Surgical Solutions

When conservative treatments are no longer effective, or if your bunion or hammertoe is severe, surgery may be required. Surgical options vary depending on the severity and type of deformity. Here are some common surgical procedures we offer at Innovative Foot & Ankle:

  • Bunionectomy: This procedure involves removing the bony bump on the side of the big toe and realigning the joint. In some cases, the bone may be reshaped, or screws/pins may be used to stabilize the joint for proper healing.
  • Osteotomy: In more severe cases, the bone may need to be cut and repositioned to restore proper toe alignment. This is often done in combination with a bunionectomy.
  • Arthrodesis (Fusion): In advanced cases of hammertoes or arthritis, fusion of the affected joints may be necessary to eliminate pain and restore function.
  • Soft Tissue Procedures: These procedures address imbalances in tendons or ligaments that cause the toe to bend in the first place, allowing for more natural toe movement.

Post-Surgical Care and Recovery

After surgery, recovery is crucial for the best outcome. At Innovative Foot & Ankle, we provide detailed post-operative instructions to ensure your healing process is smooth and successful. You may need to wear a protective boot or special shoes for several weeks, and physical therapy can help restore strength and mobility.

Preventing Bunions and Hammertoes

While some factors—such as genetics—are beyond your control, there are a few proactive steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing bunions and hammertoes:

  1. Wear Proper Footwear: Choose shoes with a wide toe box, adequate arch support, and low heels. Avoid tight shoes that squeeze your toes.
  2. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess body weight can put additional stress on your feet, increasing the likelihood of developing foot problems.
  3. Stretch and Strengthen Your Feet: Regular foot exercises can help keep your toes flexible and aligned, reducing the risk of deformities.
  4. Seek Early Treatment: If you notice any signs of bunions or hammertoes—such as pain, swelling, or difficulty wearing shoes—consult a podiatrist early for advice and treatment options.

We’re Here to Help

At Innovative Foot & Ankle, our podiatrists are dedicated to providing you with the most effective treatments for bunions and hammertoes, whether you’re seeking conservative options or need advanced surgical care. If you’re experiencing pain or discomfort in your feet, don’t wait—schedule a consultation with us today. We’ll work with you to develop a personalized treatment plan and help you live a more comfortable, active life.

Contact Innovative Foot & Ankle today to learn more about our services. Call 352.562.7590 or email info@innovativefas.com to schedule your consultation. Locations in Mount Dora & Lake Mary.

Moving Forward Together,

Dr. Kevin Tootle, DPM

This article is not medical advice. It is intended for general informational or educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition, diagnosis or treatment. If you think you have a medical emergency, immediately call your physician or dial 911.